4^th International Conference on Pollution Control & Sustainable Environment July 26-27, 2018 Rome, Italy

One of the biggest problems that we are facing today is that of Environmental pollution, Environmental Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and soil that may harmfully affect the life or create potential health hazard of any living organism. Increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable damage to the earth. Environmental pollution consists of five basic types of pollution, namely, air, water, soil, noise and light.  Pollution is thus direct or indirect change in any component of the biosphere that is harmful to the living components.

Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in terms of quantity and quality. Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. 

An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Water pollution affects the entire biosphere – plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and population, but also to the natural biological communities.

The disposal of solid waste is a problem. This problem continues to grow with the growth of population and development of industries. Disposal of waste in open pits has become routine in majority of places

Semisolid or solid matter that are created by human or animal activities, and which are disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid waste. Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods are not biodegradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people, plus, decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes.

Marine pollution refers to the contamination or presence of pollutants in oceans and seas. The word ‘marine’ comes from the Latin word for ‘sea’ and it is related to similar words, such as ‘mariner’. Ocean pollution is become ever more of a problem in the present day.

Marine pollution can be defined as anything that contaminates the sea. Common marine pollutants include chemicals, small plastic beads in exfoliants and also toxic bio-matter (such as sewage). But, noise – due to excessive traffic around the ocean – can also be defined as pollution if it disrupts marine life.

Industrial pollution is the release of wastes and pollutants generated by industrial activities into the natural environments including air, water, and land. Additionally, industrial pollution is linked to the degradation of the natural environment. Industrial pollution impacts the environment in multiple ways and has grave consequences on human lives and health.

Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management is something that each and every household and business owner in the world needs. Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in a safe and efficient manner.

Application of control technology requires knowledge of source, effluents from the source, air pollution regulations and waste generated from the technology.  Some times it is possible to develop a successful air pollution control technology which leads to the problem of disposing the waste.

The techniques for controlling air pollution can be either without an air pollution control device or with air pollution control equipment. The general methods for techniques without an air pollution control device include process change, change in fuel, improve dispersion, good operating practices, and plant shutdown/relocation.  Control equipment remove the pollutant, convert to less harmful contaminant or recover a valuable material for further use.

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

The combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is a major cause of air pollution. These are generally used in power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices

Pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting the developing and the developed countries alike. The effects of air pollution on health are very complex as there are many different sources and their individual effects vary from one to the other. It is not only the ambient air quality in the cities but also the indoor air quality in the rural and the urban areas that are causing concern. In fact in the developing world the highest air pollution exposures occur in the indoor environment. Air pollutants that are inhaled have serious impact on   human health affecting the lungs and the respiratory system; they are also taken up by the blood and pumped all round the body. These pollutants are also deposited on soil, plants, and in the water, further contributing to human exposure

Humans impact the environment in several ways. Common effects include decreased water quality, increased pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of natural resources and contribution to global climate change. Sustainable development: provides for human needs while preserving the ecosystems that produce natural resources. Humans affect regional and global environments throughout agriculture, development, and industry in ways that have an impact on the quality of natural resources, including soil, water, and the atmosphere.

The goal of environmental sustainability is to conserve natural resources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution and harm to the environment. For environmental sustainability, the state of the future – as measured in 50, 100 and 1,000 years is the guiding principle. Many of the projects that are rooted in environmental sustainability will involve replanting forests, preserving wetlands and protecting natural areas from resource harvesting. The biggest criticism of environmental sustainability initiatives is that their priorities can be at odds with the needs of a growing industrialized society.

Bioenergy is the single largest renewable energy source today, providing 10% of world primary energy supply. It plays a crucial role in many developing countries, where it provides basic energy for cooking and space heating, but often at the price of severe health and environmental impacts. The deployment of advanced biomass cook stoves, clean fuels and additional off-grid biomass electricity supply in developing countries are key measures to improve the current situation and achieve universal access to clean energy facilities by 2030.

Biofuels are produced from living organisms or from metabolic by-products (organic or food waste products). In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over 80 percent renewable materials. Bio-hydrogen may be a potential biofuel available from each cultivation and from waste organic materials. Although element is created from non-renewable technologies like steam reformation of gas (~50% of worldwide H2 supply), rock oil processing (~30%) and chemical change of coal (~20%), chlorophyte and cyanobacteria supply another route to renewable H2 production. Steam reforming of methane (biogas) made by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, are often used for bio-hydrogen also. Bio-plastics are any plastic material that's either bio based, perishable, or options both properties. They’re derived from renewable biomass sources, like vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, or micro-biota. Organic phenomenon is that the production of electrical potentials and currents within/by living organisms. Bioelectric potentials area unit generated by a range of biological processes and customarily zero in strength from one to some hundred millivolts.

Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished.  It is a form of energy that meet our today’s demand of energy without putting them in danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used over and over again.  Renewable energy should be widely encouraged as it do not cause any harm to the environment and is available widely free of cost. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass. This energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed.

There are many forms of renewable energy sources that can be incorporated by countries to stop the use of fossil fuels. Renewable energy does not include any sources that are derived from fossil fuels or waste products. This energy is replenish able and helps us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and causes no damage to the environment. If we are going to use fossil fuels at a steady rate, they will expire soon and cause adverse effect to our planet.